The changing climate and its associated unpredictability have become a major problem for agriculture in Bangladesh. The increasing temperature has led to a decrease in the production of many crops, while, on the other hand, the incidence of floods, diseases, and pest infestations has increased. The changing climate is affecting crop production adversely due to the reduction of irrigation in the area, caused by increased temperature and changes in water availability in the soil. The decrease in crop production is primarily due to the reduction in the duration of the growing season, which affects crop growth and grain formation. Climate resilience agriculture, which includes the implementation and management techniques suitable for changing climatic conditions, as well as the incorporation of biodiversity at all levels, is essential for sustainable agriculture development to combat the impacts of climate change.
Climate-smart agriculture is a critical process that ensures sustainable agricultural production, enhances crop adaptation capacity, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions to achieve national food security and development. To ensure climate-smart agriculture, we need to take certain measures, including appropriate policies, various institutions, necessary infrastructure, and access to information and resources related to agriculture.
As a result of climate change, several important crops in Bangladesh are being affected.
Rice
Changes in climate will have adverse effects on rice production in areas dependent on rainfall and excessive rainfall. It has been observed that due to climate change, the rice impact on rice yield.
Maize
Changes in temperature have a direct impact on the growth and yield of maize. In this case, the cultivation techniques of irrigated maize need to be improved, and the selection of heat-tolerant varieties along with the use of additional nitrogen fertilizer can increase the yield.
Potato
Potato production in Bangladesh is highly affected by the short winter season and decreased temperature. Mixed cropping of potato and maize or using the ridge cropping system can be beneficial. In the northwestern region of Bangladesh, the potato-maize/pulse ridge cropping system can be extensively implemented through ACIAR projects to reduce risks.
Flowers
Changes in climate will have significant effects on flower-producing plants and crops. In regions of southwestern Bangladesh, especially in Jashore, flower production can be affected by drought, excessive rainfall, and seasonal temperature variations. It is possible to mitigate the damage caused by climate change in flower cultivation by introducing new areas for flower production, such as areas with comparatively higher winter temperatures. Gladi crop diversification project has ensured this through the use of ACIAR.
Coconut
Coconut cultivation in Bangladesh, is affected by the destructive attacks of coconut mites. The problem can be addressed by adopting the cultivation of tall and dwarf varieties together and using multi-tier cropping systems.
Lime
Lime is a citrus fruit. Before flowering, sudden temperature increases can affect the growth and production of lime . To protect them from these damages during the autumn-winter months, they can be safeguarded through regular watering and pruning. From November to April, excessive dryness can have a detrimental effect on lime crops. In this case, supplemental irrigation can be used to protect them from the adverse effects.
Pear, lychee, and papaya
Due to climate change, many new diseases and pests have emerged, which were not previously seen. In pear trees, fruit fly infection can be observed in hot and humid weather. In some areas, the lychee crops have been affected by a destructive insect called Milibug. If growth occurs in pear trees before flowering from autumn to winter, the fruit-bearing capacity may decrease. For better management of lychees, it is recommended to use good agricultural practices, which can benefit the cultivators.
Success in agriculture amidst climate change
Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere can potentially enhance crop growth and lead to higher production rates, as well as the production of drier substances. Some crops may need to be relocated to new areas due to changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, creating new markets. Mango cultivation is now being shifted to regions with comparatively lower temperatures, resulting in increased availability in the market. Sustainable agricultural practices can help mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure the use of local natural resources. Through agriculture development, soil erosion, soil fertility, and nutrient depletion can be controlled, ultimately increasing soil productivity. Multi-tier cropping systems or intercropping can be beneficial for perennial fruit plants.
Controlling the damaging effects of climate change
Proper implementation of scientifically supported techniques will be essential for protecting against the damaging effects of climate change. Efficient use of agricultural inputs and monitoring are crucial in this aspect. Sustainable agriculture management can help protect crops from damage and ensure the efficient use of local resources. By improving soil health, minimizing nutrient loss through deep percolation, and enhancing nutrient recycling, soil fertility can be increased. The adoption of modern and efficient agricultural practices, along with reduced use of excess water, fertilizers, and agrochemicals, becomes critical for achieving higher productivity. Efficient water storage and irrigation management, along with integrated nutrient management, must be prioritized.
The population is increasing in Bangladesh, leading to a decrease in the availability of arable land and an increase in food demand. Along with this, there is a growing risk due to climate change. In such a situation, there is no alternative to proper management for climate-smart agriculture in Bangladesh. Therefore, adopting appropriate methods for farmers, implementing diversified cropping systems, and ensuring caution in other related crop management practices are essential for climate-smart agriculture in Bangladesh.